What are Primary Sources? According to the Library of Congress, "primary sources are the raw materials of history — original documents and objects which were created at the time under study. They are different from secondary sources, accounts or interpretations of events created by someone without firsthand experience." The definition of a primary source may vary depending upon the discipline or context.
Examples include: artifacts; audio recordings; diaries; internet communications and email; interviews; letters; newspaper articles written at the time; original documents such as a birth certificate, will, marriage license or trial transcripts; patents; photographs; proceedings of meetings, conferences and symposia; records of organizations and government agencies such as an annual report, treaty, constitution, government document; speeches; survey research; video recordings; works of art, architecture, literature, and music; websites.
In addition to searching our catalog and databases for primary sources, you can find many primary sources online. On this page you will find resources to help you locate primary resources at Copley Library and online.
Find a library guide related to your topic. Academic Librarians across the world create research guides on all sorts of topics including locating primary sources related to specific research topics.
Visit Government Agency websites like the Census Bureau and National Archives.
Look for city and county offices as well as data-portals for large cities and counties like San Diego and Los Angeles; both have online data portals.
Identify and contact local archives, museums, and libraries (SD History Center).
Limit search results in Copley databases to document types such as speeches, interviews or newspaper etc…
Look for databases that contain primary sources: Such as African American Experience.
Search newspaper databases such as U.S. Major Dailies or NYT Archive. Copley's Newspaper Guide offers links to all the newspapers we provide access to.
Look at the primary sources being used by relevant secondary sources. Where do they come from? Can you get access to any collections they may have had access too for their research.
Consider search terms in library catalogs. Terms such as “Sources”, “Statistics”, as well as subjects such as “Demographics”, can yield results for primary sources.
Ask a Librarian for assistance. You may want to ask if your library has any specific tools or memberships that provide access to primary sources. For example, Copley is a member of the Center for Research Libraries, a consortium that supports research by making rare primary sources accessible. Likewise, we are a member of Hathi Trust and offer access to their digital library.
America's Historical Documents: National Archives
American Civil War Letters and Diaries
Center for Kurdish Studies Online Resources
China, America, and the Pacific
Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
Digital Library on American Slavery
Digital Public Library of America
Discovering American Women's History
Documenting the American South
Electronic Tools and Ancient Near East Archives
Epigraphic Database Heidelberg
European History Primary Sources
Everyday Life & Women in America, 1800-1920
The Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS)
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
Internet Modern History Sourcebook
Internet African History Sourcebook
Internet East Asian History Sourcebook
Internet Indian History Sourcebook
Kansas City Public Library, Civil War on the Western Border
Library of Congress - American Memory
Library of Congress Digital Collections
Library of Congress- Chronicling America: Digital Newspapers
Liberian Collections: Indiana University
Library of Congress- Newspapers Index's
Library of Congress: Primary Sources
Life and Times of Jorge Luis Borges (on campus only)
Manuscript Women's Letters and Diaries: American Antiquarian Society, 1750-1950
New York Public Library, What's on the Menu
North American Immigrant Letters, Diaries and Oral Histories
North American Women's Letters and Diaries
Salem Witch Trials Archive and Transcription Project
Social and Cultural History: Letters and Diaries
South Asian American Digital Archive
The Speculum Romanae Magnificentiae
University of Minnesota, Clarence Darrow Digital Collection
Wilson Center, Digital Archives
Yad Vashem Digital Collections
America's Historical Documents: National Archives
Catalog of U.S. Government Publications
California State Government Documents
Digital Library on American Slavery
European History Primary Sources
Foreign Relations of the United States
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
Liberian Collections: Indiana University
Library of Congress, Primary Documents in American History
Office of the Historian US Department of State
University of Houston, Digital History: United States
University of Sydney, Digital Harlem
Documenting the American South
Internet Ancient History Sourcebook
Liberian Collections: Indiana University
Life and Times of Jorge Luis Borges (on campus only)
Africa Through a Lens: National Archives
African American Home Movie Archive
Digital Public Library of America
Discovering American Women's History
Images of African Americans from the 19th Century
Kansas City Public Library, Civil War on the Western Border
Liberian Collections: Indiana University
Library of Congress - American Memory
Library of Congress Digital Collections
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs
Maecenas: Images of Ancient Greece and Rome
Medieval and Early Modern Manuscripts Collection:
Database and Digital Images
New York Public Library Digital Collections
National Center for education statistics
Statistical Abstracts of the United States. Note: To access the most current data, please refer to the organizations cited in the source notes for each table of the Statistical Abstract.
Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative
Digital Public Library of America
Discovering American Women's History
Electronic Tools and Ancient Near East Archives
Kansas City Public Library, Civil War on the Western Border
Liberian Collections: Indiana University
Library of Congress Digital Collections
Life and Times of Jorge Luis Borges (on campus only)
Map Center at Boston Public Library
New York Public Library, What's on the Menu
University of Sydney, Digital Harlem
ArchiveGrid helps researchers looking for primary source materials held in archives, libraries, museums and historical societies.